Pakistan: A polarized society

Polarization refers to the idea when there is a distinction between the two groups of a people in a society often leading to a conflict. This can also lead to many intensified conflicts like social, cultural or political conflict. This kind of phenomenon lacks the acceptability of other people’s way of expression, and it often creates a situation like ‘US VS THEM’, leading to unacceptable competition between the groups.

As in context of Pakistan, its diversity was once celebrated but due to the unrest of the political system the prevalence of the polarization can be seen in the context of various forms including political, religious, ethnic and socio-economic. There always lies the ‘Paradox of diversity and polarization’. Because of its dual nature, the concept of diversity could be seen as both including the source of strength as well as division. On the one hand, diversity could be seen as the utmost and rich cultural heritage and on the other hand it can also be seen as the proportions for society when different groups chin-up for their rights. It can also arise when one group may become a threat towards the other group.

For example, Pakistan’s diversity was once celebrated as strength, heritage and cultural strength with other diversities. Having different languages, cultural values and religious affairs, every individual was under the same umbrella. The cultural heritage, economic progress, regional cuisines were much in a hype that gained international recognition. But since the last few years diversity has been challenged with the different factors which include but are not restricted to extremism, sectarianism and different political ideologies.
Pakistan’s diversity has become source of political conflicts. The political instability has made some parts of the country less resourceful and having limited or no opportunities resulting in unnecessary competition between the different groups & regions.

Many other factors have become source of social and political conflicts which are fueling the polarization, and division due to these factors including sectarian differences has made the conflict between the Shia Sunni for the political gains which are eventually leading to the clashes within the different sects. On the second-hand ethnic differences have also played a crucial role into the polarization, it has led to creating conflicts between the Sindhis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and Balochis. Political parties have exploited these ethnicities for their political gains, propagating divisions and clashes.

Thus, it will not be wrong to say that one of the key reasons for polarization is political ideology. Different political ideologies make divisions between the political parties as in the case of (PPP, PMLN AND PTI). Economic inequality has also made conditions miserable between the provinces. The role of social media in all this has also been misleading enough as people tend to believe to be true whatever they see. The consequences of polarization are in-depth and shocking. Polarization has become the cause of social fragmentation and mistrust among the communities, it has led to the social segregation and break down of the social unity in Pakistan. Political ideologies and groups are seen at the different parts making the coo petition difficult. And it made the political institutions susceptible be it government or the parliament.

To address the paradox of polarization, Pakistan ought to prioritize political representation and inclusive dialogue by creating a national platform for a range of viewpoints and encouraging cooperation between political parties. Additionally, efforts to tackle economic disparities and social inequality through progressive policies and targeted investments in education and infrastructure are crucial. Promoting cultural interaction, cultivating a culture of tolerance, and strengthening institutions and the rule of law are critical for developing social cohesion and increasing faith in governance. By implementing these strategies, Pakistan may overcome the polarization paradox and move toward a more inclusive and cohesive society.