The word “nano” derives from the Latin language “dwarf,” and it represents the nanoscale,
where nanotechnology operates. It has enormous potential for use in a wide range of industries, including biology, electronics, and medicine. Ongoing research and development is harnessing nanoparticles to improve a variety of areas, including electronics, environment, and health.
To protect the environment and public health, CO-based nanomaterials were used for the
detection of heavy metal ions (HMI) electrochemically. Electrochemical sensors are in
increasing demand because of advantages including efficient manufacture, simple detection, and high sensitivity. The requirement for safe drinking water is what spurs interest in HMI site detection among scientists. In contrast to lab-based procedures,
portable detection techniques simplify sampling and save time and money, making onsite HMI detection a crucial sensing strategy.
Due to their distinct physical and chemical characteristics, vast surface area, extensive
utility range, along with technological robustness, some carbon nanomaterials are well
suited for detecting heavy metal ions.
The use of graphitic carbon nitride composites for the electrochemical detection of
pollutants was examined in light of recent advancements. Innovations for improving
electrochemical sensors include signal amplification, material choice, and quick detection
techniques. Pharmaceuticals, phenolic chemicals, heavy metal ions, nitrites, and
pesticides can all be detected using carbon nitride composites.
The review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of immobilization, alterations, and electrochemical sensing based on carbon nitride. With dangers like birth abnormalities and skin irritation, on-site pesticide residue monitoring uses digital readers, paper-based sensors, and nanoparticle aggregation. Different conventional methods each have their own
advantages and disadvantages.
In their discussion of optical sensing for on-site pesticide detection in agriculture, its
advantages and disadvantages were both highlighted. IoT-driven plant-pathogen biosensors, which facilitate disease diagnosis and growth analysis, are highlighted. In
their investigation of ZnFe2O4@CuFe2O4@SiO2 photocatalysis, Professor Sharma highlights the importance of SiO2. By emphasizing nanocomposites, Professor Batra advances our understanding of photocatalysis. Nanotechnology promises environmentally friendly solutions for healthcare, energy, and agriculture.
Generations of nanotechnology
Nanoscaled objects or nanotechnology are typically thought of as being smaller than
hundred nanometers. Nanotechnology has four main stages., which comprise molecular
nanosystems, passive and active nanostructures, and systems. United States National
nanotechnology expert Mihail Roco focused on generations of nanotechnology
development in his explanation.
Historical development of nanotechnology
A Nobel Prize laureate, Richard Feynman, formulated the original theory behind the emergence of nanotechnology. A Nobel Prize winner named Richard Zsigmondy coined
the name “nanometre” in early 1900. He was the pioneer in measuring particle size under
the microscope., and he also invented the term “nanometre” specifically to describe particle
size. One of the most intriguing and important instances of nanotechnology is the employment of nanoparticles and structures by the Romans in the fourth century CE.
Major approaches to nanotechnology
Bottom-up and top-down methods for nanotechnology are the two primary groupings into
which they fall. In the case of bottom-up synthesis, many methods such as solgel, Polymerization, vapor deposition, Electrochemical Fabrication, and chemical synthesis are used to create the nanoparticles. Top-down processes, on the other hand, include sputtering, mechanical processes, optical processes, and chemical etching. By removing metal from the smallest structures, top-down methods are used to create nanoscale structures.
Distinct types of nanomaterials
Nanotools, Nanodevices, and nanostructured materials are the three main divisions of
nanotechnology. A synthetic approach, analytical apparatus, computational modeling, and surface science are some examples of nanotools. Contrarily, nanodevices include
nanoelectronic, spintronic, nanosensor, drug delivery, and nano-optoelectronic components. Thin solid films, nanopatterned nano-threads, nano-sized particles, C60 molecules, and graphene.
Applications of nanotechnology
Nanomaterials have been used recently in a variety of applications, including detectors, wearables, sporting gear, Renewable energy, Production, energy production, healthcare, Materials technology, Biopharmaceuticals, Energy retention, defense, optical engineering & communication, and protection, among others. Several significant examples of nanotechnology, each with a detailed description.
